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COMPUTER NETWORKING

Computer networking is the intricate web connecting computing entities, blending protocols, devices, and frameworks. It is fundamental to modern IT, facilitating seamless communication and collaborative efforts.

Key Components:

  1. Nodes and Endpoints:
    Various entities, from machines to servers, exchange information adhering to precise protocols.

  2. Communication Protocols:
    CP/IP, a crucial protocol suite, governs network communication. Ethernet frames handle data at lower layers, and IP packets ensure standardized information exchange.

  3. Routing Paradigms:
    Complex routing algorithms in routers manage data traffic. Protocols like OSPF and BGP optimize data propagation.Protocols like OSPF and BGP optimize data propagation.

  4. Switching Technologies:
    Switches at OSI Layer 2 regulate data flow using mechanisms like VLANs and STP for redundancy and efficient path selection.

  5. Network Security:
    Security protocols, cryptographic algorithms, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems fortify the network against threats.

  6. Wireless Networking Protocols:
    Protocols like 802.11ac and 802.11ax govern wireless communication, optimizing data transmission techniques.

Network Types:

  • LAN (Local Area Network): Confined to a single location, LANs employ Ethernet for reliable data transfer, supporting high-speed communication and collaboration.

  • Wide Area Network (WAN): Connecting LANs across locations, WANs use routers and technologies like MPLS for efficient data transmission over extended distances.

  • Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): Covering a city or large campus, MANs provide high-speed regional connectivity, often using fiber optic cables and advanced technologies like DWDM.

  • Wireless Networks: Using radio waves or infrared signals, wireless networks, governed by IEEE 802.11 standards, offer mobility, flexibility, and cellular connectivity through technologies like LTE and 5G.